Foamable carriers

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an alcohol-free cosmetic or therapeutic foam carrier comprising water, a hydrophobic organic carrier, a foam adjuvant agent, a surface-active agent and a gelling agent. The cosmetic or therapeutic foam carrier does not contain aliphatic alcohols, making it non-irritating and non-drying. The alcohol-free foam carrier is suitable for inclusion of both water-soluble and oil soluble therapeutic and cosmetic agents.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/786,902, filed Mar. 6, 2013, which is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/116,761, filed Apr. 28, 2005, which 1) is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending International Patent Application No. IB03/005527, filed Oct. 24, 2003, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/429,546, filed Nov. 29, 2002, and claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to Israeli Patent Application No. 152486, filed Oct. 25, 2002; 2) is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,367, filed Aug. 4, 2004, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/492,385, filed Aug. 4, 2003; and 3) claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/566,513, filed Apr. 28, 2004; all of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to an alcohol-free, foam carrier for delivery of an active agent to a mucosal body cavity. More specifically, the invention relates to foam carriers suitable for inclusion of poorly soluble, water soluble and oil soluble therapeutic agents for delivery and sustained release to the vaginal cavity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The vaginal cavity, including the vagina and cervix, provides a unique site for delivery of therapeutic agents, both for systemic and local action.

There are multiple anatomical structures which comprise the internal and external female genital tract including the clitoris, labia minora and corpus spongiosum (vestibular) erectile tissue, vagina, peri-urethral glans, urethra, Halban's fascia, anterior fornix erogenous zone, pubococcygeus muscle and cervix.

The vagina consists of a tube of autonomically-innervated smooth muscle (longitudinal outer, inner circular layer) lined by stratified squamous epithelium and a sub-dermal layer rich in capillaries. The vaginal wall consists of an inner glandular mucous type stratified squamous cell epithelium supported by a thick lamina propia. This epithelium undergoes hormone-related cyclical changes including slight keratinization of the superficial cells during the menstrual cycle. Deep in the epithelium lies the smooth muscles of the muscularis. There is a deeper surrounding fibrous layer above the muscularis which provides structural support to the vagina and is rich is collagen and elastin to allow for expansion of the. Three sets of skeletal muscles surround the vagina including the ischiocavernosum, bulbocavernosus, transverse perinei and levator ani and pubococcygeus muscles.

Women are vulnerable to diseases of the genital tract as the lining of the vagina is a permeable mucous membrane. Intercourse, lack of lubrication during intercourse, changes in the cervix during the menstrual cycle, and asymptomatic infections facilitate the transmission of infection to women. Prepubertal girls and adolescents are particularly vulnerable because their vaginal and cervical tissues may be less mature and are more readily penetrated by organisms (e.g., chlamydia and gonococcus). Postmenopausal women are more likely than younger women to get small abrasions in the vagina during sexual activity as a result of thinning of the tissue and dryness. Women who already have an infection (particularly one that causes genital lesions) are more likely to acquire or transmit another STD, including HIV. Other biological risks include the use of vaginal douches, which increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and the influence of hormonal contraceptives on acquiring or transmitting an STD (e.g., increased risk of chlamydial infection with use of oral contraceptives).

In particular, the cervix is prone to several diseases, such as cervicitis (an inflammation of the uterine cervix, usually caused by infection), cancer, inflammation, erosion, intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), polyps, dysplasia, human papillomavirus (HPV) infections causing some tumors, condylomas or warts and abnormal pregnancy.

Several factors must be taken into consideration when developing therapeutic delivery systems for the female genital system. These factors include the vaginal anatomy, the mucosal surface, the presence and composition of vaginal fluids and secretions, cervical fluids (mucus), cyclic changes and endogenous microflora. Drug stability to enzyme activity, which is quite high in vaginal environment, and is again a function of menstrual cycle and lifecycle, should also be taken into account. Topical drug delivery through the cervix, as needed to treat disorders of the cervix and uterus also presents a challenge.

Vaginal topical formulation should be compatible with daily activities, be easy to administer and provide accurate dosing. Several types of formulations are known for delivery to the vaginal cavity. While semi-solid formulations, such as creams, lotions, gels and ointments are commonly used, they are often reported to be messy, require frequent application and can be difficult to remove after use. Furthermore, application of topical gels and creams require several steps of operation. Solid formulations such as tablets, suppositories and pessaries also require frequent application, show a poor retention in vagina, and exhibit insufficient spreadability.

Rectal drug administration can be directed to both local and systemic drug delivery. It has been effectively used to treat local diseases of the anorectal area as well as an alternative to oral administration in the systemic administration of drugs. Solid suppositories are the most common dosage form used for rectal drug administration and represent the majority of rectal dosage forms; however, creams ointments and foams are also being used.

Current formulations for rectal administration still have significant disadvantages. They are difficult to insert through the anal orifice; they are difficult to spread throughout the target cavity; and if spreadable, they tend to leak, causing major discomfort to the patient. Such negative attributes lead to their very limited use.

Thus, new forms are desirable in order to achieve better control and ease of application, while maintaining the beneficial properties of such products. A product for intravaginal and anorectal application would ideally exhibit the following properties: (1) easy insertion, thus leading to high patient compliance; (2) accurate dosing, to ensure effective treatment; (3) expandability, for increased coverage of the target cavity surface and cervix; and (4) drip free formulation with good adhesive properties, for prolonged drug residence. The duration of the drug inside the vagina or rectum is also important for ensuring extended activity.

Use of emulsions in foam compositions is known. Emulsion systems provide a two-phase system including water in one phase and oily components in the second phase. Emulsifiers for reducing surface tension and for improving foam stability are included in the foam composition. Foams and, in particular, foam emulsions are complicated systems which do not form under all circumstances. Slight shifts in foam emulsion composition, such as by the addition of active ingredients, may destabilize the foam. In the case of oil-containing foams, high surfactant concentrations are required to attain foams of low density and acceptable texture.

Typical vaginal foam products are aqueous formulations and do not include significant levels of an oil-based solvent. For example. a nonoxynol-9-containing foam marketed under the trademane Delfen® foam (Advanced care, 12.5% nonoxynol-9), Emko® foam (Schering-Plough Healthcare, 12% nonoxynol-9) does not contain any oily solvent and has an ingredient list reciting “nonoxynol-9 12.5%, benzoic acid, cetyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, methylparaben, perfume, phosphoric acid, polyvinyl alcohol, propellant a-31, propylene glycol, purified water, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbic acid, stearamidoethyl diethylamine, stearic acid”.

PCT Publication No. WO 03/053292 discloses drug delivery compositions, which are suitable for vaginal administration for the treatment of diseases and disorders in the urogenital tract. The compositions may be in the form of a tablet, liquid suspension or dispersion; dried powder; topical ointment; cream; foam; suppository; or aerosol. The drug delivery compositions are administered directly to the vagina and do not require the use of a pressurized canister or other foaming device. The reference does not disclose use of hydrophobic or oily solvents.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,520 discloses an aqueous foamable composition having a delayed foaming action on expulsion from a pressurized container. The composition includes (a) a major amount by weight of water; (b) 0.5 to 7.0 weight percent of a foaming agent in the form of a water-immiscible liquefied gas; (c) at least one foam-stabilizing and emulsifying surfactant; and (d) a water-soluble polymer. A foaming agent such as propellant gas forms a foam upon discharge from the container. Water is used as the foam vehicle and hydrophobic organic carriers such as oil or emollients are not disclosed.

PCT Publication No. WO 02/00820 discloses a propellant-free foamable aqueous composition for use as vaginal or hemorrhoidal wipe. The aqueous stable foam includes water, at least one surfactant and at least one foam-stabilizing agent. Such compounds are storage stable and readily dispensed by a propellantless mechanical pump.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,324 pertains to an aerosol foamable fragrance composition, translucent in its pre-dispensed state, which forms a fast-breaking foam. The composition contains a surfactant selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated lanolin oil derivatives, propoxylated lanolin oil derivatives, and mixtures thereof, a propellant, a fragrance, a thickener, and a cosmetic vehicle (preferably water) wherein the ratio of the surfactant to propellant is from about 1:1 to about 1:10. Emollients may be included, however, being translucent, the composition cannot comprise significant oil concentrations (which would make it opaque). Apparently the foam breaks spontaneously upon discharging from an aerosol container (with no need of any rubbing or sheer force application), thus making it impractical for intravaginal application.

Additionally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,536,743 and 5,840,744 relate to a non-flowing composition and method for intravaginal treatment of bacterial vaginosis. The composition contains metronidazole with a buffer system providing an acidic buffered pH value in the range of 3.75 to about 4.25. Certain of the compositions disclosed are based on mineral oil or petrolatum. The foam compositions disclosed include up to 3% mineral oil as the hydrophobic component of the emulsion.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,530 provides a stable oil-in-glycerin composition comprising a continuous glycerin phase, at least one vegetable oil, at least one biodegradable emulsifier and at least one bioactive essential oil component for topical, external use on skin and mucosal. The essential oil is a volatile mixture of esters, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and terpenes that possess bioactivity such as topical anti-fungal activity, topical anti-bacterial activity, topical anti-parasitic activity, and topical anti-viral activity.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,993,846 discloses a method for making an oil-in-water emulsion having mucoadhesive properties which includes forming a mixture of a mucoadhesive macromolecule and an aqueous phase; emulsifying the mixture with a hydrophobic phase and a surfactant to form an oil-in-water emulsion comprising a plurality of submicron particles having a hydrophobic core surrounded by the surfactant and the mucoadhesive macromolecule; and providing the emulsion with a final pH of between 3 and 8.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,423,323 describes an aqueous foam emulsion. The composition includes a hydrophobic phase including fatty acids, emulsifiers and co-emulsifiers, and an aqueous phase containing hydrophilic moisturizers and emulsifiers. An optional ingredient is one or more refatting substances.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,288 teaches a pharmaceutical foam composition including (a) an active ingredient; (b) an occlusive agent; (c) an aqueous solvent; and (d) an organic cosolvent; wherein the active ingredient is insoluble in water and insoluble in both water and the occlusive agent; and wherein there is enough occlusive agent to form an occlusive layer on the skin.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some aspects, the present invention provides an easy to use vaginal delivery system that will be simple to operate with minimal preparation, will be very tolerable without having a feeling of foreign matter, will provide accurate dose administration, will evenly spread throughout the vaginal cavity surface, will effectively reach the cervix, will not leak and will retain intravaginally an active agent for a significant period of time. In other aspects, the present invention provides a lubricating vaginal drug vehicle for moisture replenishing or moisturizing vaginal vehicles. In other aspects, the invention provides an improved delivery system for active agents to other body cavities, such as the rectum, penile urethra, nasal cavity and ear cavity and to mucosal surfaces.

The present invention relates to foam compositions for intra-vaginal and body cavity application of a wide range of active ingredients. The compositions contain at least one active agent in a biocompatible alcohol-free foamable carrier, including oleaginous foams, oil-in-water foams, water-in-oil foams, liposome-based foams and nanoparticle-based foams. These compositions provide long lasting, drip-free, expandable formulations for drug delivery into body cavities.

According to one aspect of the present invention, an alcohol-free foamable therapeutic composition for application to a body cavity or a mucosal surface includes:

at least one organic carrier selected from a hydrophobic organic carrier, a polar solvent, an emollient and mixtures thereof hydrophobic organic carrier and mixtures thereof, at a concentration of about 2% to about 75% by weight;

about 0.2% to about 5% by weight at least one surface-active agent;

about 0.01% to about 5% by weight at least one polymeric agent, selected from a bioadhesive agent, a gelling agent, a film forming agent and a phase change agent;

at least one active agent at a therapeutically effective concentration; and

a liquefied or compressed gas propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the total composition,

which upon release from an aerosol container provides an expanded foam suitable for topical administration.

According to one embodiment, the composition further includes a foam adjuvant at a concentration less than about 5% by weight. Water and optional ingredients added to complete the total mass to 100%. The content of the foam compositions is presented herein as concentration (percent by weight, % w/w).

According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the solvent level varies and can be at a level of about 2 to about 5, about 5% to about 20% by weight, or at a concentration of about 20% to about 75% by weight.

In another aspect of the present invention, an alcohol free oleaginous therapeutic foam composition for administration to a body cavity or mucosal surface includes:

at least one organic carrier selected from a hydrophobic organic carrier, an emollient, a polar solvent, and mixtures thereof, at a concentration of about 70% to about 99% by weight;

at least one surface-active agent at a concentration of about 0.2 to about 15%;

at least one polymeric agent, selected from a bioadhesive agent, a gelling agent, a film forming agent and a phase change agent at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight;

at least one active agent at a therapeutically effective concentration; and

a liquefied or compressed gas propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the total composition,

which upon release from an aerosol container provides an expanded foam suitable for topical administration.

Water and optional ingredients are added to complete the total mass to 100%. As used herein “oleaginous foam composition” means a stable foam composition, or a composition capable of forming a stable foam composition that contains a high level of oil or emollient as the hydrophobic organic carrier. The hydrophobic organic carrier is included in the oleaginous foam composition at levels at or above 70%, and up to about 99% by weight.

According to one embodiment, at least one of the composition components, selected from the group consisting of organic carrier, surface active agent, foam adjuvant or polymeric agent can also function as an active agent.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method of making a foamable composition includes selecting at least one active agent; selecting a solvent that solubilizes the active agent substantially better than a hydrocarbon solvent such as mineral oil or petrolatum, for example, 5 fold better than mineral oil or petrolatum, or even 10-fold better than mineral oil or petrolatum; and adjusting the type and concentration of surfactant and gelling agent, to provide a foamable composition.

According to another aspect of the present invention, a method of treating a syndrome, disease or disorder of a body cavity or mucosal surface includes administering an alcohol-free foamable therapeutic composition. The foamable composition can be an oleaginous foam, an oil-in-water foam, a water-in-oil foam, a liposome based foam and a nanoparticle based foam.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the syndrome, disorder or disease of the body cavity is a syndrome, disorder or disease of the vaginal cavity. In one or more embodiments, the disorder is a microbial disorder including bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, candidal vaginitis and trichomonas vaginitis. In another embodiment the microbial disorder is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) such as chlamydia, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In another embodiment the syndrome, disorder or disease of the vaginal cavity is related to hormonal or postmenopausal vaginal dryness. In yet another embodiment the syndrome, disorder or disease is related to the cervix and includes malignant and benign tumors, dysplasias, human papillomavirus (HPV) or to the vulva and includes lichen sclerosus, vulvodynia and other pathologies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a foamable therapeutic compositions useful for delivery of an active agent to a mucosal body cavity. The composition is dispensed as a foam providing a stable product that is pleasant and easy to use for high patient compliance.

The foamable therapeutic composition of the present invention is suitable for facile administration into the rectum, bladder, the cavity between the uterus and the fallopian tubes, the ovaries and other body areas, which may accept topically-applied products.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a foamable composition includes water in one phase and at least one solvent selected from a hydrophobic organic carrier, a polar solvent, an emollient and mixtures thereof in the second phase. The compositions may be water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions.

Despite the commonly accepted understanding that hydrophobic organic carriers, polar solvents and emollients are difficult to formulate into a foam-producing product and that addition of such solvents interferes with the foam forming ability of a surfactant, the present invention has surprisingly identified a series of foam compositions, which, upon admixing with a liquefied gas propellant in an aerosol container, produce a stable foam composition that is suitable for topical and mucosal administration to body cavities, such as the vagina, rectum, penile, urethra, nasal cavity and ear cavity. Upon discharge from an aerosol container, the composition forms an expanded foam, which does not break down immediately upon discharge, and remains in the body cavity for an extended time.

Such compositions, when placed in an aerosol container and combined with a liquefied gas propellant, create an emulsion, which, upon release from the aerosol container, provides a therapeutically beneficial foam product.

According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the therapeutic foam composition for administration to a body cavity or mucosal surface includes at least one solvent selected from a hydrophobic organic carrier, a polar solvent, an emollient and mixtures thereof, at a level of about 2% to about 5%, or about 5% to about 10%; or about 10% to about 20%; or about 20% to about 75%; or about 70% to about 99% by weight. The composition also contains about 0.2% to about 5% by weight of a surface-active agent; about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of a polymeric additive selected from a bioadhesive agent, a gelling agent, a film forming agent and a phase change agent; at least one active agent at a therapeutically effective concentration; and a liquefied gas propellant at a concentration of about 3% to about 25% by weight of the total composition, which upon release from an aerosol container provides an expanded foam suitable for topical administration.

According to one embodiment, the composition further comprises a foam adjuvant at a concentration less than about 5%.

Water (to make an emulsion) and optional ingredients are added to complete the total mass to 100%. Upon release from an aerosol container, the foamable composition forms an expanded foam suitable for topical administration.

In one or more embodiments, the foam composition is formulated as an emulsion and can be an oil-in-water emulsion or a water-in-oil emulsion. The choice of the type of emulsion (oil-in-water or water-in-oil) is made in light of the nature of the active agent, so that it is suitable for inclusion of either or both water-soluble and oil-soluble active agents. The choice of the type of emulsion is also influenced by the type of interaction which is desirable between the composition, the active agent and the target tissue.

In one or more embodiments, the emulsion is a micro-emulsion. Microemulsions are dispersions of either oil-in-water or water-in-oil, which are typically clear, as the droplet diameter is approximately 100 nanometers (nm) or less.

In one or more embodiments, the foam composition of the present invention comprises liposomes.

In one or more embodiments, the foam composition of the present invention comprises nanoparticles, and, for example, the diameter is about 200 nm to about 400 nm. Nanoparticles are typically introduced as an active agent.

The foam composition may include a propellant substance in an amount of about 3% to about 25% by weight, housed in an aerosol container.

When released, the composition produces a foam, suitable for facile administration into body orifices and mucosal cavities, including, but not limited to the vagina, the rectum and penile cavities, the urinary tract, bladder, the cavity between the uterus and the fallopian tubes, the ovaries and other body areas, which may accept topically-applied products.

It has been surprisingly discovered that the propellant helps provide a stable emulsion. The propellant makes up part of the “oil phase” component of the emulsion, providing a product with long shelf-life. Thus, admixing the liquid and solid foam components with a short chain hydrocarbon propellant, results in a stable emulsion, that does not undergo phase separation after stress test, including either exposure to at least two freeze and though cycles.

The terms “therapy” and “treatment” as used herein interchangeably, cover any treatment of a disease or disorder, and includes, for example, curing the disease or disorder, preventing the disease or disorder from occurring in a subject which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed with the disease or disorder, inhibiting the disease or disorder, relieving the disease or disorder, providing a prophylactic effect, evolving a beneficial immunological effect; and improving the quality of life of a subject afflicted by a disease or disorder.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a therapeutic product is provided that includes an active agent in a therapeutically effective concentration. Active agents are included in each of the compositions described herein; however, in some instances the solvent, which is part of the composition, provides therapeutic benefit and thus, can be defined as the at least one active agent. Therapeutic products are intended for topical treatment of human and animal disorders of body cavities, or any other disorder, that requires topical application of a drug into a body cavity.

The foamable composition of the present invention can be an emulsion, or microemulsion, including an aqueous phase and an organic carrier phase. The organic carrier is selected from a hydrophobic organic carrier (also termed herein “hydrophobic solvent”), an emollient, a polar solvent, and a mixture thereof.

A “hydrophobic organic carrier” as used herein refers to a material having solubility in distilled water at ambient temperature of less than about 1 gm per 100 mL, more preferable less than about 0.5 gm per 100 mL, and most preferably less than about 0.1 gm per 100 mL. It is liquid at ambient temperature. The identification of a hydrophobic organic carrier or “hydrophobic solvent”, as used herein, is not intended to characterize the solubilization capabilities of the solvent for any specific active agent or any other component of the foamable composition. Rather, such information is provided to aid in the identification of materials suitable for use as a hydrophobic carrier in the foamable compositions described herein.

In one or more embodiments, the hydrophobic organic carrier is an oil, such as mineral oil. Mineral oil (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry number 8012-95-1) is a mixture of aliphatic, naphthalenic, and aromatic liquid hydrocarbons that derive from petroleum. It is typically liquid; its viscosity is in the range of between about 35 CST and about 100 CST (at 40° C.), and its pour point (the lowest temperature at which an oil can be handled without excessive amounts of wax crystals forming so preventing flow) is below 0° C. Term hydrophobic organic carrier does not include thick or semi-solid materials, such as white petrolatum, also termed “Vaseline”, which, in certain compositions is disadvantageous due to its waxy nature and semi-solid texture.

According to one or more embodiments, hydrophobic solvents are liquid oils originating from vegetable, marine or animal sources. Suitable liquid oil includes saturated, unsaturated or polyunsaturated oils. By way of example, the unsaturated oil may be olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, borage seed oil, syzigium aromaticum oil, hempseed oil, herring oil, cod-liver oil, salmon oil, flaxseed oil, wheat germ oil, evening primrose oils or mixtures thereof, in any proportion.

Suitable hydrophobic solvents also include polyunsaturated oils containing poly-unsaturated fatty acids. In one or more embodiments, the unsaturated fatty acids are selected from the group of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Examples of such polyunsaturated fatty acids are linoleic and linolenic acid, gamma-linoleic acid (GLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Such unsaturated fatty acids are known for their skin-conditioning effect, which contribute to the therapeutic benefit of the present foamable composition. Thus, the hydrophobic solvent can include at least 6% of an oil selected from omega-3 oil, omega-6 oil, and mixtures thereof. In the context of the present invention, oils that possess therapeutically-beneficial properties are termed “therapeutically active oil”.

Another class of hydrophobic solvents is the essential oils, which are also considered therapeutically active oil, which contain active biologically occurring molecules and, upon topical application, exert a therapeutic effect, which is conceivably synergistic to the beneficial effect of the steroid in the composition.

Another class of therapeutically active oils includes liquid hydrophobic plant-derived oils, which are known to possess therapeutic benefits when applied topically.

Silicone oils also may be used and are desirable due to their known skin protective and occlusive properties. Suitable silicone oils include non-volatile silicones, such as polyalkyl siloxanes, polyaryl siloxanes, polyalkylaryl siloxanes and polyether siloxane copolymers, polydimethylsiloxanes (dimethicones) and poly(dimethylsiloxane)-(diphenyl-siloxane) copolymers. These are chosen from cyclic or linear polydimethylsiloxanes containing from about 3 to about 9, preferably from about 4 to about 5, silicon atoms. Volatile silicones such as cyclomethicones can also be used. Silicone oils are also considered therapeutically active oil, due to their barrier retaining and protective properties.

In one or more embodiments, the hydrophobic carrier includes at least 2% by weight silicone oil or at least 5% by weight.

The solvent may be a mixture of two or more of the above hydrophobic solvents in any proportion.

A further class of solvents includes “emollients” that have a softening or soothing effect, especially when applied to body areas, such as the skin and mucosal surfaces. Emollients are not necessarily hydrophobic. Examples of suitable emollients include hexyleneglycol, propylene glycol, isostearic acid derivatives, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl isostearate, diisopropyl adipate, diisopropyl dimerate, maleated soybean oil, octyl palmitate, cetyl lactate, cetyl ricinoleate, tocopheryl acetate, acetylated lanolin alcohol, cetyl acetate, phenyl trimethicone, glyceryl oleate, tocopheryl linoleate, wheat germ glycerides, arachidyl propionate, myristyl lactate, decyl oleate, propylene glycol ricinoleate, isopropyl lanolate, pentaerythrityl tetrastearate, neopentylglycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, isononyl isononanoate, isotridecyl isononanoate, myristyl myristate, triisocetyl citrate, octyl dodecanol, sucrose esters of fatty acids, octyl hydroxystearate and mixtures thereof.

According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the hydrophobic organic carrier includes a mixture of a hydrophobic solvent and an emollient. According to one or more embodiments, the foamable composition is a mixture of mineral oil and an emollient in a ratio between 2:8 and 8:2 on a weight basis.

A “polar solvent” is an organic solvent, typically soluble in both water and oil. Examples of polar solvents include polyols, such as glycerol (glycerin), propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol n-alkanols, terpenes, di-terpenes, tri-terpenes, terpen-ols, limonene, terpene-ol, 1-menthol, dioxolane, ethylene glycol, other glycols, sulfoxides, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformanide, methyl dodecyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, monooleate of ethoxylated glycerides (with 8 to 10 ethylene oxide units), azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one), 2-(n-nonyl)-1,3-dioxolane, esters, such as isopropyl myristate/palmitate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl proprionate, capric/caprylic triglycerides, octylmyristate, dodecyl-myristate; myristyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, lauric acid, lauryl lactate ketones; amides, such as acetamide oleates such as triolein; various alkanoic acids such as caprylic acid; lactam compounds, such as azone; alkanols, such as dialkylamino acetates, and admixtures thereof.

According to one or more embodiments, the polar solvent is a polyethylene glycol (PEG) or PEG derivative that is liquid at ambient temperature, including PEG200 (MW (molecular weight) about 190-210 kD), PEG300 (MW about 285-315 kD), PEG400 (MW about 380-420 kD), PEG600 (MW about 570-630 kD) and higher MW PEGs such as PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 10000 and mixtures thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the solvent is a mixture (emulsion) of a hydrophobic organic carrier and glycerin, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,530. The ratio of hydrophobic organic carrier to glycerin can range from about 1:4 to about 4:1, and more preferably from about 1:2 to about 2:1.

In certain cases, a given solvent can be defined as both emollient and polar solvent.

Certain hydrophobic organic carriers, emollients and polar solvents possess high solubilization capacity for pharmaceutical active agents, and are identified herein as “potent solvents”. A potent solvent as that term is used herein, is one that solubilizes a specific active agent substantially better than mineral oil or petrolatum, preferably 5 fold better than mineral oil or petrolatum, and even 10-fold better than mineral oil or petrolatum, and even 100-fold better than mineral oil or petrolatum.

Thus, in one or more embodiments, a foam composition includes at least one active agent in a therapeutically effective concentration and a potent solvent. In one or more embodiments, the composition includes at least one active agent in a therapeutically effective concentration and at least one potent solvent in a sufficient amount to substantially solubilize the active agent in the composition. In the context of the present invention the term “substantially soluble” means that at least 95% of the active agent has been solubilized, i.e., less than about 5% is present in the composition in a solid state. In one or more embodiments, the potent solvent is more than about 40% or more than about 60% by weight of the total solvent of the composition.

Examples of active agent/potent solvent combinations include, in a non-limiting manner:

-   -   Betamethasone valerate: Practically insoluble in mineral oil         (<0.01%); soluble more than 1% (w/w) in Glycofurol.     -   Hydrocortisone butyrate: Practically insoluble in mineral oil         (<0.01%); soluble more than 1% in Glycofurol.     -   Metronidazole: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%);         soluble more than 1% in dimethyl isosorbide.     -   Ketoconazole: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%);         soluble more than 1% in glycofurol, propylene glycol and         dimethyl isosorbide.     -   Mupirocin: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.01%);         soluble more than 1% in glycofurol, hexylene glycol, dimethyl         isosorbide, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG         400).     -   Meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent: Practically         insoluble in mineral oil (<0.001%); soluble in propylene glycol:         0.3 mg/mL and in PEG 400: 3.7 mg/mL.     -   Progesterone: Practically insoluble in mineral oil (<0.001%);         soluble in PEG 400: 15.3 mg/mL.

A non-limiting exemplary list of solvents that can be considered as potent solvents includes polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butanediols and isomers thereof, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, DMSO, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, isosorbide derivatives, such as dimethyl isosorbide, glycofurol and ethoxydiglycol (transcutol).

The present invention also provides a method of designing a foamable composition by selecting at least one active agent, selecting a solvent that solubilizes the active agent substantially better than mineral oil or petrolatum, and adjusting the type and concentration of surfactant and gelling agent to provide a foamable composition. This is particularly useful in fomulating foams incorporating poorly soluble active agents.

The use of a potent solvent in a foam composition provides an improved way to deliver poorly soluble active agents to a target area. It is known that low drug solubility results in poor bioavailability, leading to decreased effectiveness of treatment. Foam compositions according to one or more embodiments of the present invention for which the solvent is a potent solvent are unique because the majority of the active agent is in solution, rather than in particulate form, resulting in high delivery and improved therapy.

Potent solvents are typically in liquid form. Liquid drug formulations are generally disadvantageous, since their usage causes unwanted dripping, resulting in inconvenience and inadequate dosing. Unexpectedly, the foams of the present invention are drip-free and thereby provide a superior vehicle for such drugs and enable convenient usage and accurate effective dosing.

Surface-active agents (surfactants) include any agent linking oil and water in the composition in the form of emulsion. A surfactant's hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) describes the emulsifier's affinity toward water or oil. The HLB scale ranges from 1 (totally lipophilic) to 20 (totally hydrophilic), with 10 representing an equal balance of both characteristics. Lipophilic emulsifiers form water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, whereas hydrophilic surfactants form oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions. The HLB of a blend of two emulsifiers equals the weight fraction of emulsifier A times its HLB value plus the weight fraction of emulsifier B times its HLB value (weighted average).

Any surface-active agent or combinations thereof may be used as surface-active agent. According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the surface-active agent has a hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) between about 9 and about 14, which is the required HLB (the HLB required to stabilize an O/W emulsion of a given oil) of most oils and hydrophobic organic carriers. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the composition is a single surface active agent having an HLB value between about 9 and 14, and in one or more embodiments, the composition is more than one surface active agent and the weighted average of their HLB values is between about 9 and about 14.

According to one or more embodiments, the surface-active agent in an oleaginous composition (hydrophobic organic carriers of 70% or greater) has a surface-active agent with an HLB in the range of about 3 to about 9.

The surface-active agent is selected from anionic, cationic, nonionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and ampholytic surfactants, as well as mixtures of these surfactants. Such surfactants are well known to those skilled in the therapeutic and cosmetic formulation art. Nonlimiting examples of possible surfactants include polysorbates, such as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) and poly(oxyethylene) (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80); poly(oxyethylene) (POE) fatty acid esters, such as Myrj 45, Myrj 49, Myrj 52 and Myrj 59; poly(oxyethylene) alkylyl ethers, such as poly(oxyethylene) cetyl ether, poly(oxyethylene) palmityl ether, polyethylene oxide hexadecyl ether, polyethylene glycol cetyl ether, brij 38, brij 52, brij 56 and brij W1; sucrose esters, partial esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides, such as sorbitan monolaurate and sorbitan monolaurate; mono or diglycerides, isoceteth-20, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate and betaines.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the surface-active agent includes at least a non-ionic surfactant. Ionic surfactants are known to be irritants. Therefore, non-ionic surfactants are preferred in applications including sensitive tissue such as found in most mucosal tissues, especially when they are infected or inflamed. We have surprisingly found that non-ionic surfactants alone provide foams of excellent quality, i.e. a score of “E” according to the grading scale discussed herein below.

In one or more embodiments, the surface active agent includes a mixture of at least one non-ionic surfactant and at least one ionic surfactant in a ratio in the range of about 100:1 to 6:1. In one or more embodiments, the non-ionic to ionic surfactant ratio is greater than about 6:1, or greater than about 8:1; or greater than about 14:1, or greater than about 16:1, or greater than about 20:1.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, a combination of a non-ionic surfactant and an ionic surfactant (such as sodium lauryl sulphate and cocamidopropylbetaiine) is employed, at a ratio of between 1:1 and 20:1, or at a ratio of 4:1 to 10:1. The resultant foam has a low specific gravity, e.g., less than 0.1 g/ml.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the surface-active agent includes mono-, di- and tri-esters of sucrose with food fatty acids (sucrose esters), prepared from sucrose and esters of fatty acids or by extraction from sucro-glycerides. Suitable sucrose esters include those having high monoester content, which have higher HLB values.

Unlike prior art foamable compositions, the total surface active agent required to obtain a foam that is stable, of low specific gravity and has a fine bubble structure is low. This is desirable because lower surface active agent levels, particularly of ionic surfactants, reduce skin irritations. Total surface active agent is in the range of about 0.1 to about 5% of the foamable composition, and is typically less than about 2%, preferably less than about 1%.

It has been unexpectedly found that it is possible to prepare stable foams with stabilizing surfactants even in very low concentration of less than about 1% which enable low irritating and low itching vaginal foams. “Stable foam” denotes shelf life stability of the emulsion and also a sustainable foam that does not break upon extrusion of the package to enable delivery, spreading and expansion of the foam throughout the entire vaginal cavity before collapse.

The foamable composition includes a polymeric agent to increase the duration/residence time of the composition in the body cavity. The polymeric agent serves to stabilize the foam composition and to control drug duration in the target organ.

Exemplary polymeric agents, which provide means of controlling duration are classified below in a non-limiting manner. In certain cases, a given polymer can belong to more than one of the classes provided below.

Bioadhesion has been defined as the attachment of synthetic or biological macromolecules to a biological tissue. The term mucoadhesion refers to the special case of bioadhesion where the biological tissue is an epithelium covered by mucous, for example such as found in the vagina, gastrointestinal tract and the nasal cavity. Mucoadhesive agents are a class of polymeric biomaterials that exhibit the basic characteristic of a hydrogel, i.e. swell by absorbing water and interacting by means of adhesion with the mucous that covers epithelia.

Compositions of the present invention may contain a mucoadhesive macromolecule or polymer in an amount sufficient to confer bioadhesive properties. The bioadhesive macromolecule enhances the delivery of biologically active agents on or through the target surface. The mucoadhesive macromolecule may be selected from acidic synthetic polymers, preferably having at least one acidic group per four repeating or monomeric subunit moieties, such as poly(acrylic)- and/or poly(methacrylic) acid (e.g., Carbopol®, Carbomer®), poly(methylvinyl ether/maleic anhydride) copolymer, and their mixtures and copolymers; acidic synthetically modified natural polymers, such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC); neutral synthetically modified natural polymers, such as (hydroxypropyl)methylcellulose; basic amine-bearing polymers such as chitosan; acidic polymers obtainable from natural sources, such as alginic acid, hyaluronic acid, pectin, gum tragacanth, and karaya gum; and neutral synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol or their mixtures. An additional group of mucoadhesive polymers includes natural and chemically modified cyclodextrin, especially hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). Such polymers may be present as free acids, bases, or salts, usually in a final concentration of about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight.

A suitable bioadhesive macromolecule is the family of acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, (e.g., Carbopol®). These polymers contain the general structure —[CH₂—CH(COOH)—]_(n). Hyaluronic acid and other biologically-derived polymers may be used.

Exemplary bioadhesive or mucoadhesive macromolecules have a molecular weight of at least 50 kDa, or at least 300 kDa, or at least 1,000 kDa. Favored polymeric ionizable macromolecules have not less than 2 mole percent acidic groups (e.g., COOH, SO₃H) or basic groups (NH₂, NRH, NR₂), relative to the number of monomeric units. The acidic or basic groups can constitute at least 5 mole percent, or at least 10 mole percent, or at least 25, at least 50 more percent, or even up to 100 mole percent relative to the number of monomeric units of the macromolecule.

Yet, another group of mucoadhesive agent includes inorganic gelling agents such as silicon dioxide (fumed silica), including but not limited to, AEROSIL 200 (DEGUSSA).

Many mucoadhesive agents are known in the art to also possess gelling properties.

A gelling agent controls the residence of a therapeutic composition in the target site of treatment by increasing the viscosity of the composition, thereby limiting the rate of its clearance from the site. Many gelling agents are known in the art to possess mucoadhesive properties.

The gelling agent can be a natural gelling agent, a synthetic gelling agent and an inorganic gelling agent. Exemplary gelling agents that can be used in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention include, for example, naturally-occurring polymeric materials, such as locust bean gum, sodium alginate, sodium caseinate, egg albumin, gelatin agar, carrageenin gum, sodium alginate, xanthan gum, quince seed extract, tragacanth gum, guar gum, starch, chemically modified starches and the like, semi-synthetic polymeric materials such as cellulose ethers (e.g. hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose), guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, soluble starch, cationic celluloses, cationic guars, and the like, and synthetic polymeric materials, such as carboxyvinyl polymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid polymers, polymethacrylic acid polymers, polyvinyl acetate polymers, polyvinyl chloride polymers, polyvinylidene chloride polymers and the like. Mixtures of the above compounds are contemplated.

Further exemplary gelling agents include the acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate copolymers and the carboxyvinyl polymers sold, for example, by the B.F. Goodrich Company under the trademark of Carbopol® resins. These resins consist essentially of a colloidal water-soluble polyalkenyl polyether crosslinked polymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with from 0.75% to 2% of a crosslinking agent such as polyallyl sucrose or polyallyl pentaerythritol. Examples include Carbopol® 934, Carbopol® 940, Carbopol® 950, Carbopol® 980, Carbopol® 951 and Carbopol® 981. Carbopol® 934 is a water-soluble polymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with about 1% of a polyallyl ether of sucrose having an average of about 5.8 allyl groups for each sucrose molecule.

Yet, another group of gelling agents includes inorganic gelling agents, such as silicone dioxide (fumed silica).

According to one or more embodiments, the foam composition contains at least one film forming component. The film forming component may include at least one water-insoluble alkyl cellulose or hydroxyalkyl cellulose. Exemplary alkyl cellulose or hydroxyalkyl cellulose polymers include ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, butyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxybutyl cellulose, and ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, alone or in combination. In addition, a plasticizer or a cross linking agent may be used to modify the polymer's characteristics. For example, esters such as dibutyl or diethyl phthalate, amides such as diethyldiphenyl urea, vegetable oils, fatty acids and alcohols such as oleic and myristyl acid may be used in combination with the cellulose derivative.

In one or more embodiments, the composition of the present invention includes a phase change polymer, which alters the composition behavior from fluid-like prior to administration to solid-like upon contact with the target mucosal surface. Such phase change results from external stimuli, such as changes in temperature or pH and exposure to specific ions (e.g., Ca++).

Non-limiting examples of phase change polymers include poly(N-isopropylamide), Poloxamer 407® and Smart-Gel® (Poloxamer+PAA).

The polymeric agent is present in an amount in the range of about 0.01% to about 5.0% by weight of the foam composition. In one or more embodiments, it is typically less than about 1 wt % of the foamable composition.

A foam adjuvant is optionally included in the foamable compositions of the present invention to increase the foaming capacity of surfactants and/or to stabilize the foam. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the foam adjuvant agent includes fatty alcohols having 15 or more carbons in their carbon chain, such as cetyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol (or mixtures thereof). Other examples of fatty alcohols are arachidyl alcohol (C20), behenyl alcohol (C22), 1-triacontanol (C30), as well as alcohols with longer carbon chains (up to C50). Fatty alcohols, derived from beeswax and including a mixture of alcohols, a majority of which has at least 20 carbon atoms in their carbon chain, are especially well suited as foam adjuvant agents. The amount of the fatty alcohol required to support the foam system is inversely related to the length of its carbon chains.

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the foam adjuvant agent includes fatty acids having 16 or more carbons in their carbon chain, such as hexadecanoic acid (C16) stearic acid (C18), arachidic acid (C20), behenic acid (C22), octacosanoic acid (C28), as well as fatty acids with longer carbon chains (up to C50), or mixtures thereof. As for fatty alcohols, the amount of fatty acids required to support the foam system is inversely related to the length of its carbon chain.

Optionally, the carbon atom chain of the fatty alcohol or the fatty acid may have at least one double bond. A further class of foam adjuvant agent includes a branched fatty alcohol or fatty acid. The carbon chain of the fatty acid or fatty alcohol also can be substituted with a hydroxyl group, such as 12-hydroxy stearic acid.

The foam adjuvant according to one or more embodiments of the present invention includes a mixture of fatty alcohols, fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids and derivatives thereof in any proportion, providing that the total amount is 0.1% to 5% (w/w) of the carrier mass. More preferably, the total amount is 0.4%-2.5% (w/w) of the carrier mass.

While fatty alcohols and fatty acids serve to stabilize the resultant foam composition, they often provide additional therapeutic properties. Long chain saturated and mono unsaturated fatty alcohols, e.g., stearyl alcohol, erycyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol and docosanol have been reported to possess antiviral, anti infective, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties (U.S. Pat. No. 4,874,794). Longer chain fatty alcohols, e.g., tetracosanol, hexacosanol, heptacosanol, octacosanol, triacontanol, etc. are also known for their metabolism modifying properties and tissue energizing properties. Long chain fatty acids have also been reported to possess anti-infective characteristics. Thus, the therapeutic or cosmetic carrier, containing the foam adjuvant agent of the present invention provides an extra therapeutic benefit in comparison with currently used vehicles, which are inert and non-active.

Lower alcohols having up to 5 carbon atoms in their carbon chain skeleton, such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, iso-butanol, t-butanol and pentanol, are considered less desirable solvents or polar solvents due to their skin-irritating effect. Thus, the composition is substantially alcohol-free and should comprise less than about 5% final concentration of lower alcohols, preferably less than about 2%, more preferably less than about 1%.

The therapeutic foam of the present invention may further optionally include a variety of formulation excipients, which are added in order to fine-tune the consistency of the formulation, protect the formulation components from degradation and oxidation and modify their consistency. Such excipients may be selected, for example, from stabilizing agents, antioxidants, humectants, preservatives, colorant and odorant agents and other formulation components, used in the art of formulation.

Aerosol propellants are used to generate and administer the foamable composition as a foam. The total composition including propellant, foamable compositions and optional ingredients is referred to as the foamable carrier. The propellant makes up about 3% to about 25 wt % of the foamable carrier. Examples of suitable propellants include volatile hydrocarbons such as butane, propane, isobutane or mixtures thereof, and fluorocarbon gases.

Composition and Foam Physical Characteristics

The compositions described herein, including water, additional solvents, formulation excipients, active agents and propellant creates a stable emulsion that does not exhibit full phase separation at ambient temperature for at least a year.

Yet, another property of a composition is its level of flow, since a composition that is not free flowing cannot flow through the dip-tube of the aerosol container and create acceptable foam. It has been noted that in the context of the composition of the present invention, compositions including semi-solid hydrophobic organic carriers, e.g., white petrolatum, are excessively viscous and demonstrate poor flowability.

The combination of at least one surface active agent, at least one polymeric agent and optionally at least one foaming adjuvant, according to one or more embodiments of the invention provides a low specific gravity foam having superior expandability, flow properties and sheer breakability (among other attributes). According to one or more embodiments of the present invention, the total amount of at least one surface active agent, at least one polymeric agent and optionally at least one foaming adjuvant, in combination does not exceed 8% (w/w) of foamable composition. In one or more embodiments, the combined amounts of at least one surface active agent, at least one polymeric agent and optionally at least one foaming adjuvant is less than 5% (w/w) of foam composition. The low solid content improves the flow properties of the foam, reduces unpleasant skin residue and reduces the cost of manufacture. As is demonstrated herein, the foam stability and expandability are excellent, despite the low levels of these components in the foam.

Expandability is an important feature of a product that is intended to treat internal cavities of the body. Thus, in one or more embodiments of the present invention, the specific gravity of the foam, upon discharge from the foam dispenser is between about 0.02 gr/mL and 0.4 gr/mL, or between about 0.04 gr/mL and about 0.14 gr/mL.

The following scale for foam quality is used to evaluate foams.

-   -   E (excellent): very rich and creamy in appearance, does not show         any bubble structure or shows a very fine (small) bubble         structure.     -   G (good): rich and creamy in appearance, very small bubble size,         “dulls” more rapidly than an excellent foam.     -   FG (fairly good): a moderate amount of creaminess noticeable,         bubble structure is noticeable.     -   F (fair): very little creaminess noticeable, larger bubble         structure than a “fairly good” foam.     -   P (poor): no creaminess noticeable, large bubble structure.     -   VP (very poor): dry foam, large very dull bubbles, difficult to         spread on the skin.

Foams that are adequate for topical administration according to the present invention have to be of quality grade E or G, upon release from the foam dispenser. Smaller bubbles mean more stable foam, which does not collapse spontaneously immediately upon discharge from the container. The finer foam structure looks and feels smoother, thus increasing its usability and appeal.

In one or more embodiments, the foam compositions are stable for a prolonged period of time. Thus, the foam composition does not undergo phase separation following at least two freeze and thaw cycles.

Upon discharge from a foam dispenser, e.g., an aerosol can, onto a mucosal membrane at about 37° C., the foam expands to reach its designated volume and stays stable as a foam for at least 60 seconds, or 2 minutes, or even 3 minutes, following application.

Metered Dosing

In order to provide proper therapy, precise dosing is desired. According to one or more embodiments, the foam therapeutic product is adapted for storage in a foam dispenser having a metered dose valve for dispensing an accurate dose of drug in the form of a foam. The metered dose valve is selected to release a foam in a volume that is in the size of the target body cavity to allow effective spreading of the active agent throughout the body cavity with substantially minimal overflow.

In one or more embodiments, the meter dose valve provides a unit dose of between about 10 μL and about 1000 μL. Assuming a representative foam density (specific gravity) of 0.06 g/mL, a 10 μL valve provides a volume of about 0.17 mL of foam, and a 1000 μL metered dose valve provides about 17 mL of foam. Thus, by selecting a specific metered dosing valve and adjusting the foam density by fine tuning formulation parameters and adjusting the ration between the liquid components of the composition and the propellant, one can design an adequate dosage form according to the specific target organ cavity

Administration

One limitation of existing vaginal and rectal dosage form relates to the dimensions of the product applicator. In order to administer 5 mL of gel (which is required to attain effective coverage of the vaginal surface), an insert applicator, 10 cm long and about 1.5 cm thick is employed. It is to be understood that such a thick applicator is found repulsive by patients, which leads to poor patient compliance. Furthermore, the length of the applicator, which is beyond the natural depth of a relaxed vaginal cavity, makes it difficult for the patient to accurately administer the composition into the target organ.

By contrast, application of a foam composition according to the present invention is not limited by applicator dimensions. The insert is thin and thus, it is acceptable to the patient. The thickness of the aerosol insert can range between about 0.2 cm and about 1 cm. Likewise, the aerosol insert can be designed in any length, to fit the dimensions of the target organ. Thus, the length of a vaginal insert can range between about 2 cm and about 10 cm; the length of an insert for the nasal system or ear canal can be shorter and the insert for rectal administration can be adjusted according to the location of the disorder, between about 1 cm and about 20 cm. In one or more embodiments, the insert is designed to be flexible, to allow insertion into a body cavity that is difficult to access using a non-flexible insert.

Fields of Application

By including an appropriate active agent in the foamable composition, it is useful in the therapy and prevention of a variety of disorders of a body cavity or mucosal surfaces, including, but not limited to the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, the ventral cavity, the vagina, the rectum and penile cavities, the urinary tract, bladder, the cavity between the uterus and the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, the nasal cavity, the mouth, the eye, the ear the peritoneum, the large and small bowel, the caecum, bladder, and stomach, and other body cavities or spaces, which may accept topically-applied products.

Exemplary treatable disorders are listed below.

Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections

Bacterial, fungal and viral infections: a variety of anti-infective, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-viral agents can be included in the foam of the present invention, to be used for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes, HIV/AIDS, human papallomavirus (HPV) & genital warts; syphilis; bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, lymphogranloma venereum, mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC), molluscum contagiosum, nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), trichomoniasis, and vulvar disorders.

A variety of active agents, known in the art, can be included in the foam to be used for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases such as vulvodynia (vulvar pain), yeast infections, genital warts (condyloma) vulvar dystrophy, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), invasive cancer of the vulva, contact dermatitis, pelvic inflammation, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), genital cancer and cancer of the cervix, vulva or vagina.

Vaginal Dryness

Vaginal dryness is caused by a number of conditions and can be either an occasional hassle or a chronic problem. A variety of anti-inflammatory active agents, hormones, moisturizing, refatting and lubricating agents and local anesthetic agents can be included in the foam of the present invention, to be used for the treatment and/or prevention of vaginal dryness.

Dyspareunia

Dysareunia is pain in the vagina or pelvis experienced during sexual intercourse. A variety of anti-inflammatory active agents, hormones, moisturizing, refatting and lubricating agents and local anesthetic agents can be included in the foam of the present invention, to be used for the treatment and/or prevention of vaginal pain. Anal and rectal disease, such as anal abscess/fistula, anal cancer, anal fissure, anal warts, Crohn's disease, hemorrhoids, anal itch, also called pruritus ani, fecal incontinence, and polyps of the colon and rectum all may be treated using the foamable composition according to one or more embodiments of the invention.

The foam composition of the present invention, comprising an active agent that is known to treat one of said anorectal disorders and administered rectally, expands effectively in the rectal cavity and provides optimal coverage of the cavity surface, for improved therapeutic results.

HIV and STD Treatment and Prevention

When comprising appropriate protective agents, the foam is active against HIV infection and other infections (bacterial and fungal), including sexually transmitted disease (STD) by creating a protective layer and/or decreasing the frequency of transmission. Non-binding examples of protective agents include:

Negatively charged sulfated polymers, which have been reported to have anti-HIV-1 activity and are being considered for development as topical microbicides.

Dextrin sulphate, a microbicide, which in various laboratory and pre-clinical studies, has been shown to block the transfer of HIV virus into mammalian cells while at the same time not causing injury to normal cell tissue.

Cellulose acetate phthalate, which inactivates HIV-1, herpesvirus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) and the major nonviral STD pathogens; and found effective in animal models for vaginal infection by HSV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus.

Several polymers, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, carrageenans, naphthalene sulfonate polymer, sodium alginate, and cationic polymer, such as chitosan, are insoluble in water and can be solubilized in water by adjusting the pH of the environment to about 6 or above, or by the use of appropriate organic solvents. Vaginal secretions from healthy, reproductive-age women are characteristically acidic (pH values of 3.4 to 6.0). Consequently, the topical application of a formulation in which such polymers would be soluble (i.e., pH6) would be expected to contribute to a vaginal environment which is physiologically undesirable.

Thus, in one embodiment of present invention, there is an advantage to an oily foamable carrier, comprising solvents that solubilize water-insoluble polymenrs such as mentioned above. By way of non-limiting example, such solvents include polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, DMSO, isosorbide derivatives, such as dimethyl isosorbide, glycofurol and ethoxydiglycol (transcutol).

In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the foam composition is useful in the therapy of disorders that respond to transmucosal delivery of an active agent. By way of example, such disorders include, which respond to hormone therapy, such as hormone replacement therapy, and other systemic disorders, known to be affected by drugs that are delivered transmucosally.

The goal of a mucosal vaccine is to induce antigen-specific immune responses (cellular and humoral) that are detectable at the mucosal surfaces of the host. Because many pathogens initiate infection at the mucosal surfaces, pathogen-specific mucosal immune responses may provide superior protection against infectious diseases than immune responses induced by parenteral vaccines because parenteral vaccines do not induce mucosal immunity.

In the context of the present invention, the term immunization or vaccination refers to administering a preparation that contains an infectious agent or its components, which is able to stimulate an immune response that will protect a person from illness due to that agent. Such vaccines are expected be capable of preventing the transmission or limiting the severity of sexually-transmitted infections, such as HIV and other infectious disease. Vaccines are usually administered in conjunction with an adjuvant—a substance that is used in a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed to produce a non-specific stimulator of the immune response. There are several types of adjuvants, including, for example, minerals such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and calcium phosphate, oil emulsions, products from bacteria (their synthetic derivatives as well as liposomes) or gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins, cholesterol, fatty acids, aliphatic amines, paraffinic and vegetable oils.

The foam composition of the present invention, comprising an immunizing agent, and optionally an adjuvant and administered onto the mucosal tissue of a body cavity, expands effectively in said cavity and provides optimal coverage of the cavity surface, for improved therapeutic results.

Post-Surgical Adhesions Treatment and Prevention

Adhesions are scars that form abnormal connections between tissue surfaces. Post-surgical adhesion formation is a natural consequence of surgery, resulting when tissue repairs itself following incision, cauterization, suturing, or other means of trauma. When comprising appropriate protective agents, the foam is suitable for the treatment or prevention of post surgical adhesions. The use of foam is particularly advantageous because foam can expand in the body cavity and penetrate into hidden areas that cannot be reached by any other alternative means of administration.

Hormonal Therapy

The foamable composition of the present invention is suitable for administering a hormone to a mucosal membrane or a body cavity, in order to deliver the hormone into the tissue of the target organ, in any disorder that responds to treatment with a hormone. Topically applied hormones can also be useful in contraception, when administered in foam, using a metered dose unit.

Active Agents

The composition of the present invention comprises at least one active agent, also referred to as “drug(s)”. The at least one active agent may consist of a single drug or a combination of drugs that can be dissolved in the water phase or the hydrophobic phase of the carrier composition. Examples of such drugs are antibiotic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiinflammatory, anesthetic, analgesic, antiallergic, corticosteroid and antiproliferative medications and mixtures thereof at any proportion. The concentration of drugs may be adopted to exert a therapeutic effect on a disease when applied to an afflicted area.

One important class of drugs comprises antibacterial agents. It is well known that bacterial infections are involved in a variety of superficial disorders of mucosal membranes and body cavities.

In one or more embodiments, the antibiotic agent is selected from the classes consisting of beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, ansa-type antibiotics, anthraquinones, azoles, glycopeptides, macrolides, nucleosides, antibiotic peptides, antibiotic polyenes, antibiotic polyethers, quinolones, antibiotic steroids, sulfonamides, tetracycline, antibiotic metals, including silver, copper, zinc, mercury, tin, lead, bismuth, cadmium, chromium and ions and complexes thereof, oxidizing agents and substances that release free radicals and/or active oxygen, cationic antimicrobial agents, quaternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, triguanides, bisbiguanides and analogs and polymers thereof and naturally occurring antibiotic compounds.

An antibacterial drug can be active against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoa, aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria.

By way of example, the antibacterial drugs are selected from chloramphenicol, beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, ansa-type antibiotics, anthraquinones, azoles, glycopeptides, macrolides, nucleosides, antibiotic peptides, antibiotic polyenes, antibiotic polyethers, quinolones, antibiotic steroids, sulfonamides, tetracycline, antibiotic metals, including silver, copper, zinc, mercury, tin, lead, bismuth, cadmium, chromium and ions and complexes thereof, oxidizing agents and substances that release free radicals and/or active oxygen, cationic antimicrobial agents, quaternary ammonium compounds, biguanides, triguanides, bisbiguanides and analogs and polymers thereof and naturally occurring antibiotic compounds, metronidazlole and its derivatives and analogs, dicarboxylic acids, such as azelaic acid, slicylates, cyclosporines and any combination thereof at a therapeutically effective concentration.

Another group of antibacterial agents which have broad spectrum activity comprises strong oxidants and free radical liberating compounds, such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, elemental halogen species, as well as oxygenated halogen species, bleaching agents (e.g., sodium, calcium or magnesium hypochloride and the like), perchlorite species, iodine, iodate, and benzoyl peroxide. Organic oxidizing agents are also included in the definition of “oxidizing agent” according to the present invention, such as quinones. Such agents possess a potent broad spectrum activity

Antibacterial compositions according to the present invention are selected to treat infections of an afflicted organ. The composition of the present invention, comprising a hydrophobic component, would facilitate an enhanced rate of penetration. Furthermore, the intrinsic antibacterial and antiinflammatory effects of the foam adjuvant agents, i.e., fatty alcohols and acids, provides a combined effect for better therapeutic response to treatment.

Fungal infections are another object of treatment using the composition of the present invention. Fungal infection of the vaginal cavity is one of the most common disorders seen in gynecological practice. Candidiasis is an infection caused by the yeast like fungus Candida albicans or occasionally other species of candida. Clinical syndromes of candidiasis include: (a) oral candidiasis (oral thrush); (b) candidiasis of the skin and genital mucous membrane; and (c) candida paronychia, which inflicts the nail.

The therapeutic composition may comprise an antifungal drug, which is active against dermatophytes and candida, selected from the group of, but not limited to azoles, diazoles, triazoles, miconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole griseofulvin, ciclopirox, amorolfine, terbinafine, Amphotericin B, potassium iodide, flucytosine (5FC) and any combination thereof at a therapeutically effective concentration. According to one preferred embodiment the active agent is metronidazole.

The composition of the present invention is particularly beneficial in the case of viral infections including herpes simplex Type 1 virus. Mollusca are small viral growths that appear singly or in groups on the face, trunk, lower abdomen, pelvis, inner thighs, or penis. Warts are a common, benign skin tumor caused by viral infection. HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a common genital disease.

Viral infections are currently treated with various antiviral agents, as summarized in the following table:

Drug Viruses Chemical Type Vidarabine Herpesviruses Nucleoside analogue Acyclovir Herpes simplex (HSV) Nucleoside analogue Gancyclovir Cytomegalovirus Nucleoside (CMV) analogue Nucleoside-analog reverse Retroviruses (HIV) Nucleoside transcriptase inhibitors analogue (NRTI): AZT (Zidovudine), ddI (Didanosine), ddC (Zalcitabine), d4T (Stavudine), 3TC (Lamivudine) Non-nucleoside reverse Retroviruses (HIV) Nucleoside transcriptase inhibitors analogue (NNRTI): Nevirapine, Delavirdine Protease Inhibitors: HIV Peptide Saquinavir, Ritonavir, analogue Indinavir, Nelfinavir Ribavirin Broad spectrum: HCV, Triazole HSV, measles, carboxamide mumps, Lassa fever Amantadine/Rimantadine Influenza A strains Tricyclic amine Interferons Hepatitis B and C Protein

Any of the above antiviral agents, in a therapeutically effective concentration, can be incorporated in the foam composition of the present invention. The composition of the present invention, which comprises a hydrophobic organic carrier, would facilitate an enhanced rate of penetration and better topical distribution of any of the above listed antiviral drugs. Furthermore, the intrinsic antiviral effects of the foam adjuvant agents, i.e., fatty alcohols and acids, provides a combined effect that should result in a better therapeutic response to treatment.

In one or more embodiments, the active agent is a steroid, selected from the following groups.

-   i. a compound containing a cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene skeleton; -   ii. a compound, containing a cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene skeleton     carrying one or more functional groups selected from halogens, alkyl     groups, aryl groups, benzyl groups, carboxy groups and alkoxy     groups; -   iii.

-   iv. a steroid compound, selected from the families of (a)     cardanolides, (b) bufanolides, (c) spirostans, (d) furostans, (e)     steroid alkaloids, (f) a steroid lactone, (g) an oxo-steroid, (h) a     steroid-alcohol and (i) a steroid-amine; -   v. a steroid compound, where one or more of the     cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene rings is contracted by loss of an     unsubstituted methylene group; -   vi. a steroid compound, where one or more of the     cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene rings is expandeded by inclusion of a     methylene group; -   vii. a compound, containing a cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene skeleton and     a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring component fused to it; -   viii. an anti-inflammatory steroid; -   ix. a steroid possessing immunomodulating and/or anti-inflammatory     properties; -   x. a steroid, selected from the group of low-potency     anti-inflammatory steroids, medium potency anti-inflammatory     steroids and high potency anti-inflammatory steroids; -   xi. an anti-inflammatory steroid, selected from the group consisting     of hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, desonide, betamethasone     valerate, clobetasone-17-butyrate, flucinonide, fluocinolone     acetonide, alcometasone dipropionate, mometasone furoate,     prednicarbate, triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone-17-benzoate,     methylprednisolone aceponate, betamethasone dipropionate,     halcinonide, triamcinolone acetonide, halobetasol,     clobetasol-17-propionate; -   xii. a steroid hormone; -   xiii. a steroid hormone, selected from the group consisting of an     androgen, an estrogen and a progestogen -   xiv. an androgen, selected from the group consisting of     testosterone, testosterone cipionate, testosterone decanoate,     testosterone enantate, testosterone isocaproate, testosterone     phenylpropionate, testosterone propionate, testosterone undecylate,     5α-dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (also termed     prasterone and DHEA), androstenedione, androstanediol, androsterone,     androstenolone, prasterone enantate, prasterone sodium sulfate,     ormeloxifene, mesterolone, fluoxymesterone, methyltestosterone,     gestrinone, delmadinone, delmadinone acetate, chlormadinone,     chlormadinone acetate, danazol and testolactone; -   xv. an estrogen selected from the group consisting of estradiol,     estradiol benzoate, estradiol cipionate, estradiol dipropionate,     estradiol enantate, estradiol hexahydrobenzoate, estradiol     phenylpropionate, estradiol valerate, polyestradiol phosphate,     estriol, estriol sodium succinate, estriol succinate, polyestriol     phosphate, quinestradol, ethinylestradiol, estrapronicate,     mestranol, estrapronicate and equilin; -   xvi. a progestogen, selected from the group consisting of     progesterone, norethisterone, norethisterone acetate, norethisterone     enantate, medroxyprogesterone acetate, delmadinone acetate,     flugestone acetate, dydrogesterone, desogestrel, norgestrel,     levonorgestrel, dydrogesterone, gestodene, chlormadinone acetate,     dienogest, drospirenone, lynestrenol, tybolone, cyproterone acetate,     megestrol acetate, nomegestrol acetate; -   xvii. an inhibitor of a steroid hormone; -   xviii. an inhibitor of a steroid hormone, selected from the group     consisting of inhibitors are finasteride, dutasteride and     spironolactone; -   xix. a vitamin D; -   xx. a vitamin D, selected from the group consisting of     cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol,     1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, ergocalciferol,     1α,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, 22,23-dihydroergocalciferol,     1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol, previtamin D₃, tachysterol₃ (also     termed tacalciol), Isovitamin D₃, dihydrotachysterol₃,     (1S)-hydroxycalciol, (24R)-hydroxycalcidiol, 25-fluorocalciol,     ercalcidiol, ertacalciol, (5E)-Isocalciol, 22,23-Dihydroercalciol,     (24S)-methylcalciol, (5E)-(10S)-10,19-Dihydroercalciol,     (24S)-Ethylcalciol and (22E)-(24R)-Ethyl-22,23-didehydrocalciol; and -   xxi. a phytosteroid or a phytosterol.

According to another embodiment according to the present invention the at least one active agent is an antiinflammatory or antiallergic agent. An antiinflammatory or antiallergic agent can be selected from the group of corticosteroids (as listed above), non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), anti-histamines, immunosuppressants and any combination thereof at a therapeutically effective concentration.

Since corticosteroid drugs are typically hydrophobic, the carrier of the present invention, comprising a hydrophobic organic carrier, is most suitable as a vehicle to facilitate better topical distribution and an enhanced rate of penetration of any of the above listed drugs. Furthermore, the intrinsic antiviral, antibacterial and antiinflammatory effects of the foam adjuvant agents, i.e., fatty alcohols and acids, provides a combined effect that should result in a better therapeutic response to treatment.

Antihistaminic agents may comprise, among other options, diphenhydramine, doxepin, phrilamine maleate, chlorpheniramine, tripelennamine, phenothiazines, promethazine hydrochloride and dimethindene maleate. These drugs, as well as additional antihistamines can also be incorporated in the composition of the present invention.

A second class of anti-inflammatory agents, which is useful in the foam of the present invention, includes the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). The variety of compounds encompassed by this group is well-known to those skilled in the art. Specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents useful in the composition invention include, but are not limited to: oxicams, such as piroxicam, isoxicam, tenoxicam, sudoxicam; salicylates, such as salicylic acid, ethyl salicylate, methyl salycilate, aspirin, disalcid, benorylate, trilisate, safapryn, solprin, diflunisal, and fendosal; acetic acid derivatives, such as diclofenac, fenclofenac, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, isoxepac, furofenac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acematacin, fentiazac, zomepirac, clindanac, oxepinac, felbinac, and ketorolac; fenamates, such as mefenamic, meclofenamic, flufenamic, niflumic, and tolfenamic acids; propionic acid derivatives, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, fenbufen, indopropfen, pirprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pranoprofen, miroprofen, tioxaprofen, suprofen, alminoprofen, and tiaprofenic; and pyrazoles, such as phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, feprazone, azapropazone, and trimethazone.

Any further steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds, having the capacity to prevent, alleviate the symptoms of, treat or cure inflammation processes, are generally included, as possible anti-inflammatory agents, according to the present invention.

The therapeutic foam composition of the present invention may also comprise an antiinflammatory or antiallergic agent, wherein said agent reduces the occurrence of pro-inflammatory cytokines or inhibits the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Mixtures of such anti-inflammatory agents may also be employed, as well as the dermatologically acceptable salts, esters, amides, prodrugs and derivatives of these agents.

The compositions of the present invention may contain a safe and effective amount of a topical anesthetic. Examples of local anesthetic drugs include benzocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, chlorprocaine, dibucaine, etidocaine, mepivacaine, tetracaine, dyclonine, hexylcaine, procaine, cocaine, ketamine, pramoxine, phenol, and therapeutically acceptable salts thereof. Mixtures of such anesthetic agents may be synergistically beneficial.

Anti cancer agents can also be used according to the present invention as the drug of choice for treating for example vaginal, cervical and rectal malignancies. In certain cases, topical cytotoxic and antiproliferative drugs are used to treat or prevent such cancers, including 5-fluorouracil, also called 5-FU. 5-FU, as well as any other anti-cancer agents, know in the art of cancer medicine, can be incorporated in the foam at therapeutically effective levels.

A preferred family of anticancer drugs, suitable for usage in the foam of the present formulation comprises antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen. Tamoxifen blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body.

A safe and effective amount of an anti-oxidant/radical scavenger may be added to the compositions of the present invention, preferably from about 0.1% to about 10% (w/w), more preferably from about 1% to about 5% (w/w), of the composition.

Anti-oxidants/radical scavengers such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and its salts, ascorbyl esters of fatty acids, ascorbic acid derivatives (e.g., magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, sodium ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl sorbate), tocopherol (vitamin E), tocopherol sorbate, tocopherol acetate, other esters of tocopherol, butylated hydroxy benzoic acids and their salts, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (commercially available under the tradename Trolox®), gallic acid and its alkyl esters, especially propyl gallate, uric acid and its salts and alkyl esters, sorbic acid and its salts, lipoic acid, amines (e.g., N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, amino-guanidine), sulfhydryl compounds (e.g., glutathione), dihydroxy fumaric acid and its salts, lycine pidolate, arginine pilolate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, bioflavonoids, curcumin, lysine, methionine, proline, superoxide dismutase, silymarin, tea extracts, grape skin/seed extracts, melanin, and rosemary extracts may be used.

The foam of the present invention is suitable for delivering cell and tissue protecting and revitalizing anti-oxidants/radical scavengers. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, containing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (e.g., linoleic and linolenic acid, gamma-linoleic acid (GLA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are beneficial in the treatment of inflammation conditions. Likewise, emollients and silicone oils exert moisture-retaining and protective effects on the target tissue. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, a tissue protective foam is provided, wherein the hydrophobic organic carrier comprises in full or in part, a solvent, selected from the group of emollients, silicone oil and oils, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, thus, affording a synergistic therapeutic effect of the anti-oxidants/radical scavenger agent and the vehicle components.

Active agents, which are known in the art of pharmacology to treat mucosal irritations and inhibit inflammation, can be beneficially incorporated in the foam of the present invention.

Examples of such active agents include chamomile extract (matricaria recutitia), cucumber distillate (cucumis sativus), lavender water (lavendula angustifolia), rose water (rosa damascena), witch hazel (hamamelis virginiana), allantoin, bisabolol, rosehip oil, calendula oil, azulaene, menthol and camphor.

There are several potential uses of the foam, particularly the silicone-oil based foam, as a lubricating foam. Typical examples are moisture protection foam and antifriction foam. For such purposes, the foam can be used in its basic composition (without additional formulation aids and active ingredients), or with the addition of such additives.

According to one embodiment, the at least one active agent is selected from the group of solvent, surface active agent, foam adjuvant and polymeric agent.

Penetration Enhancers

A penetration enhancer or permeation enhancer is an agent used to increase the permeability of tissue to a pharmacologically active agent to increase the rate at which the drug diffuses through the skin and enters the tissues and bloodstream. A chemical penetration enhancer increases skin permeability by reversibly altering the physiochemical nature of the tissue to reduce its diffusional resistance. According to one or more embodiments of the present invention a penetration enhancer is incorporated into the foam composition.

Examples of penetration enhancers, according to the present invention include: polyols, such as propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol n-alkanols, terpenes, di-terpenes, tri-terpenes, terpen-ols, limonene, terpene-ol, 1-menthol, dioxolane, ethylene glycol, other glycols, and glycerol; sulfoxides, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformanide, methyl dodecyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide; monooleate of ethoxylated glycerides (with 8 to 10 ethylene oxide units); Azone (1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one), 2-(n-nonyl)-1,3-dioxolane; esters, such as isopropyl myristate/palmitate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl proprionate, capric/caprylic triglycerides, octylmyristate, dodecyl-myristate; myristyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, lauric acid, lauryl lactate ketones; amides, such as acetamide oleates such as triolein; various surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate; various alkanoic acids such as caprylic acid; lactam compounds, such as azone; alkanols, such as oleyl alcohol; dialkylamino acetates, and admixtures thereof.

Lower alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, iso-butanol, t-butanol and pentanol are less desirable penetration enhancers according to the present invention, due to their irritation properties.

Yet, another preferred class of penetration enhancers in the cyclodextrines and related compounds. Cyclodextrins are structurally related cyclic oligomaltoses which form a new group of therapeutic excipients.

The invention is described with reference to the following examples. This invention is not limited to these examples and experiments. Many variations will suggest themselves and are within the full intended scope of the appended claims.

Example 1 General Procedure for Preparing Foam Composition

Aqueous Phase: At least one polymeric agent and at least one surface-active agent are dissolved in water, with agitation. The solution is warmed to about 50° C. to about 70° C. Water soluble therapeutic active ingredients and optional water soluble ingredients are added with agitation to the Aqueous Phase mixture.

Oil Phase: At least one hydrophobic organic carrier is heated to same above temperature. Foam adjuvant agent is added to preheated hydrophobic organic carrier. Oil soluble therapeutic active agent or agents and optional oil soluble formulation ingredients are added with agitation to the Hydrophobic Phase mixture.

The warm Hydrophobic Phase is gradually poured into the warm Aqueous Phase, with agitation, followed by Ultraturax or Silverson homogenization. The mixture is allowed to cool down to ambient temperature. In case of heat sensitive active ingredients, the active ingredient is added with agitation to the mixture after cooling to ambient temperature. The mixture, at ambient temperature, is added to an aerosol container, the container is sealed and appropriate amount of propellant (about 3% to about 25 w % of the composition mass) is added under pressure into the container.

Example 2 Emulsion Foam Carrier Composition for Vaginal and Rectal Treatment

The ingredients listed in the table below are combined to form a foamable emulsion composition.

Version Version Version Version Ingredient No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 Hydrophobic MCT oil 30 — 15 12 organic carrier IPM — 30 — 12 Foam adjuvant Stearyl Alcohol 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Surface-active GMS 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 agent PEG S-40 3 3 3 3 Polysorbate-60 1 1 1 1 Polymeric Xanthan Gum 0.3 0.3 — — agent Methocel ELV15 0.4 0.4 — — Natrosol — — 1.5 1.5 Other Antioxidant 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Ingredients Preservatives 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Propellant* Propane/butane 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 Water Water To 100 To 100 To 100 To 100 Foam Specific ND ND ND 0.06 gravity (gr/mL)

The liquefied or gas propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25%. The compositions use only non-ionic surface active agents, and the total amount of surface active agent, foam adjuvants and polymeric agent ranged from 1.4 to 2.1% (w/w). The foam of this example is useful as a carrier of active agents, as exemplified in examples below. It is also useful as lubricating foam, for various purposes.

Example 3 Further Mixed Oil Foam Carrier Composition for Vaginal and Rectal Treatment

The ingredients listed in the table below are combined to form a foamable emulsion composition.

Version Version No. 1 No. 2 Ingredient ~25% Oil ~12.5% Oil Hydrophobic Mineral oil 10.2  5.6 organic Isopropyl myristate 5.0 2.5 carrier MCT oil 7.0 3.8 Foam Stearyl Alcohol 2.0 2.0 adjuvant agent Surface- Brij 72 2.5 2.5 active agent Brij 721 1.0 1.0 Cocoa amido propyl 0.5 0.5 betaine Polymeric Xanthan Gum 0.3 — agent Natrosol — 0.3 Methocel ELV15 0.5 — Propellant* Propane/butane 6.0 6.0 Water Water To 100 To 100

The liquefied or gas propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25%. The foams of this example have a non-ionic surface active agent to ionic surface active agent ratio (w/w) of 20:1 and 14:1 for versions 1 and 2, respectively. Total amounts of surface active agent foam adjuvant and polymeric agent is in the range of about 1.75 to about 3.5% (w/w).

The compositions are useful as carriers of active therapeutic active ingredients, as exemplified in examples below. It is also useful as lubricating foam, for various purposes.

The following examples, representing optional drug-containing foams, are prototype formulations, which have not been optimized for stability and inter-component compatibility. Such optimization is a customary need, which can be done, using means, known to those skilled in the art of therapeutic formulation

Example 4 Antibacterial Foam Composition for Vaginal Vaginosis and Other Vaginal and Rectal Infections

% w/w % w/w % w/w Metronidazole 1.00 — — Clindamycin — 2.00 2.00 Mineral oil 6.00 6.00 6.00 Mineral oil 6.00 6.00 6.00 Isopropyl myristate 6.00 6.00 6.00 Glyceryl monostearate 1.00 1.00 1.00 Stearyl alcohol 1.00 1.00 1.00 Xantan gum 0.30 0.30 0.30 Methocel K100M 0.30 0.30 0.30 Tween 60 1.00 1.00 1.00 MYRJ 52 3.00 3.00 3.00 Cocoamidopropylbetaine 0.50 0.50 — Parabens (phenoxy ethanol and methyl, ethyl 0.80 0.80 0.80 and propyl hydroxy benzoate mixture) Propellant 10.00  10.00  10.00  Propane/butane * Water to 100.0 to 100.0 to 100.0

The liquefied or gas propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25%. The foams of this example have a non-ionic surface active agent to ionic surface active agent ratio ranging from about 20:1 to about 6:1. In one version, no ionic surface active agent was present.

Example 5 Antifungal Foam Composition

Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 Version 4 “Miconazole” “Clotrimazole” “Econazole” “Nystatin” Ingredient % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Carrier Ingredients Mineral oil 30   — — 10   Isopropyl — 30   — 10   myristate MCT oil — — 30   10   Stearyl 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Alcohol Myrj 40 — — 0.8 — GMS 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Natrosol 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Active Ingredients Miconazole 1 — — — Clotrimazole — 2 — — Econazole — — 1   Nystatin 100,000 Units/gr Propellant* 10.0  10.0  10.0  10.0  Propane/ butane Water To 100 To 100 To 100 To 100

The liquefied or gas propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25%. The foams of this example have a non-ionic surface active agent to ionic surface active agent ratio ranging from about 16:1 to about 6:1. Total surface active agent, foam adjuvant and polymeric agent ranges from 2.05 to 3.5% (w/w). They are useful in the treatment of fungal and yeast infections.

Example 6 Corticosteroid Foam Composition

% w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Mineral oil 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 Isopropyl myristate 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 5.60 Glyceryl monostearate 0.45 0.45 1.00 1.00 1.00 Stearyl alcohol 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 Myrj 52 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 2.60 Xantan gum 0.26 — — — — Methocel K100M 0.26 — — — — Chitosan — — 1.00 — — Hyaluronic acid — — — 0.50 0.50 Avicel CL611 — 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 TWEEN 80 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 Cocoamidopropyl betaine 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 Betametasone valerate 0.12 — 0.12 0.12 — Hydrocortisone butyrate — 0.10 — — 0.10 Propylene glycol 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Parabens (phenoxy 0.8  0.8  0.8  0.8  0.8  ethanol and methyl, ethyl and propyl hydroxy benzoate mixture) Propellant 12.00  12.00  12.00  12.00  12.00  Propane/butane* Water To 100 To 100 To 100 To 100 To 100

The liquefied or gas propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25%. The foams of this example have a non-ionic surfactant to ionic surfactant ratio ranging from about 20:1 to about 14:1. Total surface active agent, foam adjuvant and polymeric agent ranged from about 2% to about 3.5% (w/w).

Example 7 Antiviral Foam Composition

Version 1 Version 2 Version 3 “Acyclovir” “Acyclovir” “α-Interferon” Ingredient % w/w % w/w % w/w Carrier Ingredients Mineral oil 48.4 11.0 5.4 Isopropyl myristate — 5.0 2.5 MCT oil — 7.0 3.5 Stearyl Alcohol 0.7 0.4 0.2 Water To 100 To 100 To 100 Sucrose ester SP70 0.8 0.8 0.8 Distilled monoglyceride 1.2 0.6 Sodium lauryl sulphate 0.05 0.1 0.1 Xanthan Gum 0.2 0.3 0.3 Methocel ELV15 0.2 0.6 0.6 Active Ingredients Acyclovir 5 5 — α-Interferon — — 105 IU/g Propellant* 6.0 6.0 10.0 Propane/butane

The liquid is added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25%. The foam of this example has a non-ionic surfactant to ionic surfactant ration ranging from 20:1 to 14:1. Total surface active agent, foaming adjuvant and polymeric agent ranged from about 2% to about 3.5% (w/w).

Example 8 Compositions Consisting of Corticosteroids, Antifungal and Antiviral Agents

Ingredient % w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Betamethasone valerate 0.1 Ketoconazole 2.0 2.0 Acyclovir 5.0 Caprylic/Capric Triglycerides 60.9 60.0 59.0 56.0 Propylene glycol 10.0 10.0 5.0 Hexylene glycol 10.0 Potent solvent — — — 5.0 Lecithin 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Stearyl alcohol 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Glyceryl monostearate 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 PVP K90 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Preservative 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Propellant 10.0 12.0 12.0 10.0 Propane/butane * Purified water** T0 100 T0 100 T0 100 T0 100

The liquefied or gas propellant can be added at a concentration of about 3% to about 25%. Water content in these compositions was about 10%

Example 9 Comparative Tolerability and Acceptability Study of a Placebo Foam Composition Vs. a Conventional Gel

Four patients compared the use of the foam preparation of Example 4, Version 2, with a conventional intravaginal gel preparation (Metrogel Vaginal, 3M). They were asked to describe their feeling about the application of each of the products and to give their general rating for each of the products on a scale of 0-3 (0=poor; 1=barely acceptable; 2=acceptable and 3=excellent).

As demonstrated in the following table, the foam preparation obtained higher rates in all aspects of the test.

Foam Preparation MetroGel Vaginal Property Mean Rating Mean Rating Ease of preparation prior to 2.8 0.6 administration Ease of insertion 2. 1.2 Comfort upon insertion 2.0 1.2 Ease of dosing 2.0 1.5 Lack of dripping 2.0 1.3 Ease of removal 2.2 1.6 Comfort upon removal 1.9 1.3 Overall rating 2.2 1.3

Example 10 Animal Model for Drug Administration and Duration

The composition of Example 4, Version 2 was prepared, with the addition of 0.2% methylene blue as coloring agent. A female sheep was administered intra-vaginally one dose of the foam (metered dose, 50 μL). The vagina and cervix were observed by colposcopy and recorded photographically. The insertion was very easy. Foam expanded effectively and vaginal cavity and cervix area were fully covered. Fifteen minutes after treatment, the vagina was swabbed. Colposcopy revealed that the entire vaginal cavity and cervix area were still covered by the blue pigment. There was no overflow of the foam and no dripping after administration. No signs of irritation were observed.

Example 11 Very Low Surfactants Formulation

% w/w % w/w % w/w % w/w Mineral oil 20.00 20.00 30.00 Isopropyl palmitate 15.00 MCT oil 15.00 Glyceryl monostearate 1.00 1.00 Sucrose ester and Sorbitan stearate 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 (Arlatone 2121) Pemulen TR1 00.20 Pemulen TR2 00.20 00.20 Methocel K100 00.30 00.30 00.30 00.30 Xantan Gum TWEEN 80 11.00 TEA 00.10 .0.10 00.10 Propellant 112.00 112.00 112.00 112.00 Water To 100 To 100 To 100 To 100

The formulations of Example 11 are made stable with unexpectedly low surfactant concentration making them highly non irritating and of lower itching potential for conditions of damaged infected or diseased condition vaginal mucous.

Although various embodiments that incorporate the teachings of the present invention have been shown and in detail herein, those skilled in the art can readily devise many other varied embodiments that incorporate these teachings. All references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising a foamable composition and a liquefied or compressed gas propellant, the foamable composition comprising: i) a surface-active agent; ii) about 2% to about 75% by weight of the foamable composition of an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of an emollient, a polar solvent, an oil, and a mixture of any two or more thereof; iii) a stabilizer comprising about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of at least one polymeric agent and about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of at least one foam adjuvant; iv) water; and v) an active agent selected from the group consisting of an anti-parasitic agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, a corticosteroid, an anticancer agent, an estrogen, and a mixture of any two or more thereof; wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, surface active agent, and poymeric agent is less than about 8% by weight of the foamable composition; wherein upon release from a foam dispenser, a foam is produced; and wherein the foam remains stable as a foam for at east 60 seconds at 37° C.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the liquefied or compressed gas propellant is present at about 3% to about 25% by weight of the foamable composition.
 3. The composiUon of claim 1, wherein the oil comprises an essential oil.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the foamable composition comprises a micro-emulsion.
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the foamable composition comprises nano-particles.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the surface-active agent is present at less than about 2% by weight of the foamable composition.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric agent is present at less than about 1% by weight of the foamable composition.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the foamable composition does not include petrolatum.
 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the foamable composition comprises less than about 2% by weight of the foamable composition of one or more lower alcohols having up to 5 carbon atoms in their carbon chain skeleton.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the surface-active agent is selected from the group consisting of a non ionic surface-active agent, a cationic surface-active agent, an amphoteric surface-active agent, an ionic surface-active agent, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 11. The composition of claim 10, wherein when a non-ionic surface-active agent and at least one other surface-active agent is present, the ratio of non-ionic surface-active agent to other surface-active agent is greater than 6:1.
 12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the composition is an emulsion and the droplet diameter is about 200 nanometers (nm) to about 400 nm.
 13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the foamable composition comprises more than about 50% by weight of the foamable composition of a potent solvent.
 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the surface-active agent is a non ionic surface-active agent.
 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, surface active agent, and polymeric agent is less than about 5% by weight of the foamable composition.
 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the polymeric agent is less than 1% by weight of the foamable composition.
 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic solvent is about 5% to about 10% by weight of the foamable composition, about 10% to about 20% by weight of the foamable composition, or 11.4% to 48.4% by weight of the foamable composition.
 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is an emulsion and the droplet diameter is approximately 100 nanometers (nm) or less.
 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the emollient comprises diisopropyl adipate and the oil comprises mineral oil.
 20. The composition of claim 1, wherein if an ionic surface active agent is present, at least 50% of the surface active agent comprises a non-ionic surface active agent.
 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, surface active agent, and polymeric agent is selected from the group consisting of about 0.7% by weight of the foamable composition, about 1.7% by weight of the foamable composition, about 2% by weight of the foamable composition, about 2.6% by weight of the foamable composition, about 3.4% by weight of the foamabis composition, about 5% by weight of the foamable composition, about 5.7% by weight of the foamable composition, about 5.8% by weight of the foamable composition, about 6.3% by weight of the foamable composition, about 6.6% by weight of the foamable composition, about 6.7% by weight of the foamable composition, about 6.8% by weight of the foamable composition, about 7.1% by weight of the foamable composition, about 7.2% by weight of the foamable composition, about 7.5% by weight of the foamable composition and less than any of the aforesaid amounts.
 22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the surface active agent is present at about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition.
 23. The composition of claim 21, wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, surface active agent, and polymeric agent is about 6.3% or less than about 6.3% by weight of the foamable composition.
 24. The composition of claim 21, wherein the at least one polymeric agent is selected from the group consisting of a bioadhesive agent, a gelling agent, a film forming agent, and a phase change agent.
 25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the polymeric agent is selected from the group consisfing of a locust bean gum, sodium alginate, sodium caseinate, egg albumin, a gelatin agar, a carrageenin gum, a xanthan gum, a quince seed extract, a tragacanth gum, a guar gum, a starch, a chemically modified starch, cellulose ethers, a hydroxyethyl cellulose, a methyl cellulose, a carboxymethyl cellulose, a hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose, a hydroxypropyl guar gum, a soluble starch, cationic celluloses, cationic guars, carboxyvinyl polymers, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polyvinyl alcohol polyacrylic acid polymers, polymethacrylic acid polymers, polyvinyl acetate polymers, polyvinyl chloride polymers, polyvinylidene chloride polymers, acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate copolymers, crosslinked copolymers of acrylic acid and C10-C30 alkyl acrylate (pemulen), carboxyvinyl polymers, a carbopol, a hydroxypropyl cellulose, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the foam adjuvant is selected from the group consisting of a fatty alcohol having 15 or more carbons in its carbon chain; a fatty acid having 16 or more carbons in its carbon chain; fatty alcohols, derived from beeswax and including a mixture of alcohols, a majority of which has at least 20 carbon atoms in their carbon chain; a fatty alcohol having at least one double bond; a fatty acid having at least one double bond; a branched fatty alcohol; a branched fatty acid; a fatty acid substituted with a hydroxyl group; cetyl alcohol; stearyl alcohol; arachidyl alcohol; behenyl alcohol; 1-triacontanol; hexadecanoic acid; stearic acid; arachidic acid; behenic acid; octacosanoic acid; 12-hydroxy stearic acid; and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the foam adjuvant is about 0.4% to about 2.5% by weight of the foamable composition.
 28. The composition of claim 26, wherein the corticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, desonide, betamethasone valerate, clobetasone-17-butyrate, flucinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, alcometasone dipropionate, mometasone furoate, prednicarbate, triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone-17-benzoate, methylprednisolone aceponate, betamethasone dipropionate, halcinonide, triamcinolone acetonide, halobetasol, clobetasol-17-propionate, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 29. The composition of claim 26, wherein the antifungal agent is an azole selected from the group consisting of clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, miconazole, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 30. The composition of claim 26, wherein the surface-active agent is selected from the group consisting of a polysorbate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, a polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene (8) stearate, polyoxyethylene (20) stearate, polyoxyethylene (40) stearate, polyoxyethylene (100) stearate, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, a polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene (23) cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene (2) cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene (10) cetyl ether, isoceteth-20, a sucrose ester, a partial ester of sorbitol, an anhydride of a partial ester of sorbitol, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan stearate, a monoglyceride, glyceryl monostearate, a diglyceride, a lecithin, sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, sodium methyl oleoyl taurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, triethanolamine lauryl sulfate, a betaine, cocamidopropyl betaine, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 31. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition is suitable for the treatment of a disorder of a body cavity or a mucosal surface, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, a fungal infection, a viral infection, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, HIV, a sexually transmitted disease, post-surgical adhesions, a hormonal deficiency, a parasitic infection, a cancer, and a combination of any two or more thereof.
 32. The composition of claim 30, wherein the foam remains stable as a foam for at least 2 or 3 minutes at 37° C.
 33. The composition of claim 30, further comprising an excipient selected from the group consisting of a stabilizing agent, an antioxidant, a humectant, a preservative, a colorant, an odorant, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 34. The composition of claim 30, wherein the composition is an emulsion and the droplet diameter is about 200 nanometers (nm) to about 400 nm.
 35. The composition of claim 30, wherein the total amount of the foam adjuvant, polymeric agent, and surface active agent is about 1.4% to about 3.5% by weight of the foamable composition.
 36. The composition of claim 30, wherein the active agent comprises a mometasone, acyclovir, or estradiol.
 37. The composition of claim 36, wherein the oil comprises a vegetable oil, wherein the polar solvent comprises propylene glycol, wherein the polymeric agent comprises a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, a xanthan gum or both, wherein the foam adjuvant comprises stearyl alcohol, wherein the surface-active agent is selected from the group consisting of a glycerol ester, a polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, a polysorbate, and a mixture of any two or more thereof, wherein the oil is present at about 5% to about 20% by weight of the foamable composition, wherein the foamable composition further comprises oleyl alcohol.
 38. The composition of claim 30, wherein the active agent comprises an antifungal agent, wherein the oil comprises light mineral oil, wherein the emollient comprises diisopropyl adipate, wherein the polar solvent comprises propylene glycol, wherein the polymeric agent comprises a hydroxypropyl cellulose, wherein the foam adjuvant comprises cetostearyl alcohol, wherein the surface-active agent comprises a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether wherein the oil is present at about 5% to about 20% by weight of the foamable composition.
 39. The composition of claim 30, wherein the foamable composition comprises more than about 50% by weight of the foamable composition of a potent solvent.
 40. The composition of claim 39, wherein the potent solvent is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butane-diol and isomers thereof, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, isosorbide derivatives, dimethyl isosorbide, glycofurol, ethoxydiglycol, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 41. A composition comprising a foamable composition and a liquefied or compressed gas propellant, the foamable composition comprising: i) a surface-active agent; ii) about 70% to about 99% by weight of the foamable composition of a hydrophobic organic solvent; iii) a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of a polymeric agent and about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of a foam adjuvant; wherein upon release from a foam dispenser, a foam is produced; and wherein the foam remains stable as a foam for at least 60 seconds at 37° C.
 42. The composition of claim 41, wherein the foam remains stable as a foam for at least 2 or 3 minutes at 37° C.
 43. The composition of claim 42, wherein the foamable composition further comprises an active agent, and wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of an antibiotic, an antibacterial, an antifungal, an antiviral, an antiinflammatory, an anesthetic, an analgesic, an antiallergic, an antiproliferative, an azole, a dicarboxylic acid, a steroid, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 44. The composition of claim 43, wherein the steroid is an anti-inflammatory steroid selected from the group consisting of hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, desonide, betamethasone valerate, clobetasone-17-butyrate, flucinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, alcometasone dipropionate, mometasone furoate, prednicarbate, triamcinolone acetonide, betamethasone-17-benzoate, methylprednisolone aceponate, betamethasone dipropionate, halcinonide, triamcinolone acetonide, halobetasol, clobetasol-17-propionate, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 45. The composition of claim 43, wherein the azole is selected from the group consisting of azoles, diazoles, triazoles, pyrazoles, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 46. The composition of claim 43, wherein the azole is selected from the group consisting of clotrimazole, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, metronidazole, miconazole, and a mixture of any two or more; and wherein the antiinfiammatory agent is selected from the group consisting of phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, feprazone, azapropazone, trimethazone, and a mixture of any two or more thereof.
 47. A composition comprising, an active agent, a foamable composition, and a liquefied or compressed gas propellant, the foamable composition comprising: i) about 2% to about 75% by weight of the foamable composition of an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of an emollient, a polar solvent, an oil, and a mixture thereof; ii) a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of at least one polymeric agent, about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of at least one foam adjuvant, and a mixture thereof; iii) water; iv) an active agent selected from the group consisting of an anti-parasitic agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, a corticosteroid, an anticancer agent, an estrogen, and a mixture of any two or more thereof; and v) optionally, a surfactant; wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, polymeric agent, and surface active agent, if present, is less than about 8% by weight of the foamable composition; wherein upon release from a foam dispenser, a foam is produced; and wherein the foam remains stable as a foam for at least 60 seconds at 37° C.
 48. The composition of claim 47, wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, surface active agent, and polymeric agent is less than about 5% by weight of the foamable composition.
 49. A composition comprising an active agent, a foamable composition and a liquefied or compressed gas propellant, the foamable composition comprising: i) about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of a surface-active agent; ii) about 2% to about 75% by weight of the foamable composition of an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of an emollient, a polar solvent, an oil, and a mixture thereof; iii) a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of about 0.01 % to about 5% by weight of the foamable composition of at least one film forming or mucoadhesive agent, at least one foam adjuvant, and a mixture thereof; iv) water; and v) an active agent selected from the group consisting of an anti-parasitic agent, an antifungal agent, an antiviral agent, a corticosteroid, an anticancer agent, an estrogen, and a mixture of any two or more thereof; wherein the surface-active agent is selected from the group consisting of a non ionic surface-active agent, an amphoteric surface-active agent, and a mixture thereof; wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, surface active agent, and polymeric agent is less than about 8% by weight of the foamable composition; wherein upon release from a foam dispenser, a foam is produced; and wherein the foam remains stable as a foam for at least 60 seconds at 37° C.
 50. The composition of claim 49, wherein the total amount of the stabilizer and surface active agent is about 1.4% to about 3.5% by weight of the foamable composition.
 51. The composition of claim 49, wherein the composition is an emulsion and the droplet diameter is approximately 100 nanometers (nm) or less.
 52. The composition of claim 49, wherein the combined amount of the foam adjuvant, surface active agent, and polymeric agent is less than about 5% by weight of the foamable composition. 